China and the Accountability Politics of Hydropower Development Pichamon Yeophantong This article explores the ecological footprint of Chinese overseas investment in the Mekong region's hydropower sector, and examines how Chinese dam developers can be compelled into responding to mounting external pressure and adopting policies that resonate more with responsible investment norms. It argues that an important dynamic has been the development of transnational advocacy networks within the region's evolving public sphere. Working to renegotiate the parameters of socially acceptable conduct, civil society actors and their partners have been at the forefront of challenging the traditional development paradigm adhered to by governments in the Mekong region, effectively casting a critical light on the adverse impacts of Chinese-backed infrastructure schemes. Here, campaigns spearheaded by local and international NGOs have proved crucial to raising public awareness, as well as to sensitizing the Chinese government and its state-owned enterprises to their environmental and social responsibilities within a contested political space.

Public Opinion Polling and Post-truth Politics in Indonesia Dirk Tomsa Public opinion polling plays a prominent role in Indonesian politics, but as the country grapples with democratic backsliding and post-truth politics, pollsters have faced serious challenges in their endeavour to enhance responsiveness, representation and accountability. This article analyses how the Indonesian polling industry has responded to these challenges since the 2014 presidential elections. It argues that Indonesia's most reputable pollsters have made important contributions to upholding the integrity of Indonesia's electoral regime due to increased transparency and new initiatives to improve media coverage of polling. At the same time, however, democratic responsiveness seems to have declined rather than improved despite an ever-growing number of public opinion surveys, while fragmentation and politicization within the polling industry have exacerbated some of the pathologies of contemporary Indonesian politics, including the explosion of electoral campaign costs and deepening polarization.

The Myth of Pluralism Marcus Mietzner and Burhanuddin Muhtadi In much of the scholarly literature, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, is recognized as a defender of religious tolerance and pluralism. This is to no small extent the result of how NU has portrayed itself and its actions-including during the 2019 presidential elections, when it professed to have aligned with incumbent president Joko Widodo in order to keep Islamist groups from power. In this article, we analyse the attitudes of NU followers towards religious tolerance and pluralism, and find a significant mismatch between the self-perception of the NU leadership and the actual views held by the NU grassroots. Based on original survey data, we show that NU followers are generally as intolerant of religious minorities as the rest of the Indonesian Muslim population, and in some cases, even more intolerant. We argue that this is the result of NU's long-standing prioritization of battling rival Muslim organizations (which it views as threats to its interests) over advancing substantive tolerance campaigns that could change the religio-political attitudes of its constituency.

Urban versus Rural Voters in Malaysia Elvin Ong In Malaysia, ethnicity is the primary social cleavage around which politics is articulated, organized and contested. Yet, extant scholarship also suggests urbanization as an important secondary cleavage driving political conflict. Urban voters are perceived to be more politically engaged and active, and politically more liberal, as compared to their rural counterparts. They are therefore more likely to vote for political parties opposed to the Barisan Nasional. But is there really an urban-rural dichotomy in Malaysia? This article contends that the existing literature regarding urbanization's effect on political attitudes and voting behaviour in Malaysia is fraught with theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges. Furthermore, survey data from three waves of the Asian Barometer suggests that differences with regards to political attitudes between urban and rural Malaysians diminish substantially or contradict theoretical expectations when other demographic variables are controlled for. These results suggest that scholars of Malaysian politics should be wary of findings that exaggerate urban-rural differences. Perpetuating the stereotype misleads future research, entrenches political polarization and deepens the potential for social conflict.